The elaborated methodical approach was applied to thickness determination of copper coatings electrodeposited on a brass substrate. Geometrical conditions were obtained experimentally and suitable mathematical calculations were introduced. The absorption is proportional to thickness of the coating and to incidence and to the diffraction angle which. The method is based on absorption principles of X-ray beam. X rays from a copper X-ray tube ( 1.54 Å) were diffracted at an angle of 14.22° by a crystal of silicon. sodium lauryl sulfate monohydrate (blue) at both the copper wavelength (left) and the cobalt wavelength. For particular cases geometrical conditions and mathematical calculation procedure must be elaborated.Īn application of X-ray diffraction in grazing incidence angle for thickness determination is described in this article. Although they are complex and expensive, they pronounce an important feature like non-destructive character. where d distance between the scattering planes in the crystal. In the case of the pure copper substrate, two peaks were. The X-ray fluorescence, absorption and diffraction are more frequently used due to better precision. The diffractograms of the coatings of Cu substrate-electrode obtained with each PEO potential difference are shown in Figure 3. They are destructive and not precise enough. Several methods are used for thickness determination of thin films and coatings for example mechanical, magnetic and ball crater with light microscopy methods. Electrodeposited copper films (thin layers) are widely used in electronic and automotive industry so its electrical and mechanical properties and its thickness are important. For larger crystals such as macromolecules and inorganic compounds, it can be used to determine the structure of atoms within the sample. Key Words:XRD, Copper nanopowder, Copper layer, Electrolysis, Debye-Scherrer 1. (2) Department of Physics, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, India. Alagar(2) (1) Department of Physics, PACR Polytechnic College, Rajapalayam, India. Because the physics behind diffraction is well understood, an exceptionally large amount of. X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Copper Nanopowder T. Copper coatings are most extensively used in circuit board industry and often as a base to further formation of other metallic films. How the Technique Works X-ray diffraction is a common technique that determine a sample's composition or crystalline structure. Powder diffraction is a non-destructive technique, which is experimentally simple in principle. 1 Reflection of x-rays from two planes of atoms in a solid. Electrodeposition and other methods are employed to obtain metallic films and coatings. We can determine the size and the shape of the unit cell for any compound most easily using the diffraction of x-rays.
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If it is caused by haemorrhoids or an anal fissure, the treatment could be to make changes to your lifestyle or diet. The right treatment for blood in your stool depends on what is causing the problem. Some of these tests are done under sedation and anaesthetic. gastroscopy - a tube is inserted through the mouth to look at the oesophagus, stomach and first part of the small intestine.colonoscopy - a physician uses a camera that sits within a tube to examine your entire colon.sigmoidoscopy - a procedure where your doctor uses a camera to check inside your rectum and most of your lower large intestine (‘sigmoid colon’).anoscopy - a procedure where your doctor will use a camera in a tube to view the last 5cm of your anus and lower rectum.rectal examination - your doctor or nurse looks and feels around your rectum, anal canal and nearby organs, such as the prostate and bladder.The doctor will choose the right test for you based on your age, symptoms and medical history. Your doctor will talk to you, examine you, and should arrange some tests to investigate the cause. What tests are used to find the cause of blood in stools? Seek an examination from your doctor as soon as possible.įIND A HEALTH SERVICE - The Service Finder can help you find doctors, pharmacies, hospitals and other health services.ĪSK YOUR DOCTOR - Preparing for an appointment? Use the Question Builder for general tips on what to ask your GP or specialist. If you received some trauma to the area, you might have an injury or a foreign object in the area. If you are losing weight and have blood in your stool, this suggests an illness that needs treatment. Go to the nearest emergency department as soon as possible or call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. If you have blood in your stool and you feel faint, dizzy or light-headed, this may be an emergency. If you have any blood in your stool or bleeding from the anus, make sure you get it checked out by a doctor.Īs well as blood in your stool, you might have other symptoms that could indicate something more serious is going on. prolapse (when part of the rectum sticks out of the anus)ĬHECK YOUR SYMPTOMS - Use the Blood in stool and rectal problems Symptom Checker and find out if you need to seek medical help. fistula (an abnormal opening in the rectum or anus).inflammatory bowel disease ( Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).colorectal polyps, which are small growths that can become cancerous.anal fissures, which are small painful cracks in the anus.What causes blood in stools?īlood in your stool can be caused by many different things. If your stools are black and like tar, and they smell bad, this is also probably because the blood is coming from higher up in the bowel. If the blood is mixed in with your stool, this suggests bleeding might be from higher up in the bowel. Spots of red blood on the toilet paper, drops in the toilet bowl, blood on the surface of your stool or in your underwear indicate the bleeding is coming from the anus or lower rectum. How the blood looks depends on where it is coming from. What does blood in stools look like?īlood from your stool could look bright red, or it might be dark red or black. Go to the emergency department if you have heavy rectal bleeding and also have bad stomach pains. If you have blood in your stools and you feel faint, dizzy or light-headed, this may be an emergency. But blood in your stool can indicate a range of problems, some of which are very serious. Many people dismiss this as nothing or they are too embarrassed to seek help. Related information on Australian websitesĪfter you have used the toilet, you might see blood in your poo (stool), spotting on the toilet paper or drops in the toilet bowl.What tests are used to find the cause of blood in stools?. 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Navigator Workflow adds cross-platform functionality and user control from both Mac and any PC workstation on the network. Navigator is most trusted name in RIP architecture as it has over 35000 installations worldwide. More info Xitron’s Navigator Harlequin RIP is a best implementation of Global Graphic’s Harlequin RIP techniology, providing prepress environments with swift, foreseeable and well-grounded elucidation of PostScript, PDF, and EPS format files. RIP makes use of image scaling algorithms to resize the input image which can be in form of a page description or bitmaps of a resolution different than the output device.īelow please check our Applications list using RIP Software: It functions in reformatting the graphic source files to format that can be printed and is done by creating a raster image of the target file. RIP is a hardware or hardware/software combination. at which time you can re-submit your order, if you so choose.RIP (Raster Image Processor) is a significant component of printing industry. As a general rule, if there is an issue with availability/inventory and we do not think it will ship within that time-frame, we will cancel/refund your order immediately and let you know the estimated date it is expected to be available. On average, this item will ship within 1 to 3 days of receipt of payment. Some colors and styles we stock, others we do not. please inquire by email or call for more information.SHIPPING TERMS:The shipping schedule for a facemask is somewhat unpredictable. Model: S2BDC-HT-LW (Justin Tuck style)Color: PURPLEIncludes a FREE American Flag decal for the back of your helmet! AUTHENTIC game-day equipment Installation hardware is available, but is NOT included. FACEMASK ONLY!PRODUCT FEATURES:Riddell S-Bar Specialty face mask (S2BDC-HT-LW) fits the Revolution Speed, Revolution Classic, Revolution Speed Youth, Revolution Speed Classic Youth, Revolution Edge Youth, Revolution Attack-i Youth, Revolution Attack Youth. You are NOT purchasing the helmet, as shown in the last image. Got a helmet signed by your favorite player? And does it have that boring stock facemask on it? Put the finishing touch on your collectible with a custom facemask, the same style worn by your favorite player! Please note that you are purchasing the facemask only, as shown in the first two images. If you are looking to increase your endurance and maximize your athletic potential, The Big Book of Endurance Training and Racing is your one-stop guide to training and racing effectively. 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The Science and Physiology of Endurance Training: Everything You Need to Know Aerobic Training By Matthew Carter ApUpdated: ApKnowing how to improve your cardiovascular endurance through training can be confusing. Good nutrition and stress reduction are also key to this commonsense, big-picture approach. Cardiovascular exercises like running, walking, cycling, and HIIT workouts can help improve endurance and stamina, boost heart health, and provide other benefits. Science provides us with the tools to come to that understanding. It is about understanding the human body and how it responds to physical work. Philip Maffetone’s approach to endurance offers a truly “individualized” outlook and unique system that emphasizes building a strong aerobic base for increased fat burning, weight loss, sustained energy, and a healthy immune system. Perfect Paperback from 35.99 1 New from 35.99 Endurance sports performance is not about magic workouts, fad diets, or special supplements. 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Players can add cards to the tableau piles as long as they are one lower and the same suit. Portuguese Solitaire - With 13 columns face up on the tableau players should create 4 foundation decks of the same suit.But the final foundation piles are the royalty of alternating color. The first 4 foundations follow suit to 10. Octave - With 2 decks and 8 columns of 3 on the tableau, you need to build 8 foundations decks.To start, a queen gets the ball rolling on the tableau. The interesting thing about this game is that your foundation piles only follow number order, not suit. Laggard Lady - Laggard Lady uses 2 decks of cards and builds 16 foundation decks from 6 to jack and 5 to the king, alternating.This follows the same rules as regular Klondike, but the Jokers are added into the mix. Joker Klondike - The jokers get their heyday in Joker Klondike.You also have a deck of hidden cards you move the cards around the board to create 4 foundation decks. Gate - A fun and interesting solitaire game, you have 8 tableau piles of cards and 2 reserve piles with 10 cards face up.The goal of the game is to make pairs equal to 14. Five piles have 5 cards, while the rest have four. Fourteen Out - This solitaire game is a pyramid solitaire where all the cards are dealt with 12 piles on the tableau.Harder to beat than most solitaire games, you must get all the cards to the foundation decks before your pile runs out. Four Seasons - Also called Vanishing Cross, the tableau and foundations sections form a cross.This game also uses 2 decks of cards for play. Deuces - Per the name Deuces, all the foundation piles start with the 2 cards.All the cards are dealt on the tableau face-down in 4 columns of 13 cards. Concentration - In this solitaire game, you are looking to find matching pairs of cards regardless of suit..Four foundation piles must be built to win the game. Colorado - With a slightly different twist, Colorado has 20 cards on the tableau and 8 foundations piles.In this solitaire game, you arrange the cards like a clock's face and try to match up all four suits before revealing the 4th king. Clock Solitaire - A unique solitaire game that relies on luck to win.You must uncover the cards to create the four foundation decks by moving the cards on the tableau to those of an opposite color, one rank below (9 of spades to 10 of hearts). Castles in Spain - You start with 13 columns of 4 cards with only the top card face up on the tableau.You must move the cards over from the tableau to the foundation decks. Carpet - The aces are separated into four foundations decks.You must build a foundation of all four suits from ace to king. You can move cards only to those that are larger. Bristol Solitaire - Start with 8 columns of 3 cards on the tableau.You start with four cards face-up on the board to build from. Amazon - This solitaire game takes a simplified approach by only having you build the four foundation piles from ace to 7.The objective is to build your foundation pile by suit in descending order from ace to king. Alteration - A creative mix of Klondike and FreeCell solitaire, Alteration starts the game with half the cards face up, and half the cards face down on the tableau in 7 columns of 7 cards.When you run out of moves, four new face-up cards are dealt until all you are left with is the Aces. You start with four face-up cards and a deck you can manipulate. Aces Up - In aces up, the point is to get all the cards into one pile. All moves are made in piles until you have one complete pile. Accordion - Dealing cards from left to right, you can play any card of the same suit or rank on the card to its left or three cards to its left.You can find various solitaire games you can play online and with a standard deck to pass time on a rainy day. A pro can find and repair or replace the leaking part. If you need a recharge, you probably have a leak. Recharging with the wrong type or incorrectly filling the coolant will ruin your system. Not only does the EPA require the handling of refrigerant only by licensed technicians, they often also need to carefully capture and dispose of any old freon.Īs of January 1, 2018, the EPA section 608 of the Clean Air Act requires anyone purchasing or handling home air conditioning refrigerants to have a license. You must hire a professional to recharge your tanks. New air conditioner installations cost: $3,800–$7,600Įvaporator coil installation costs: $600–$2,000 Repairing an air conditioner costs: $175–$600 However, since coolant only escapes with leaks or damage, this service is wrapped into other repairs, like a coil or line replacement. Recharging your home air conditioner runs $300 on average. Recently, prices for professional technicians have risen, and so have the wait times to get someone to your home. You’ll likely pay more in areas with a high cost of living. Labor costs $50 to $150 per hour for an HVAC professional. It’s federally mandated to capture it and dispose of it properly, so it doesn’t damage the environment. If your unit is older than 2010, you may need a recharge with r22, which means an additional capture and recovery fee of $50 to $150. Replacing or recharging your home’s air conditioning refrigerant costs $300 on average. Typically, your pro wraps this cost into a refill and leak repair, for a total visit price of $450 to $1,400 or more. Leak testing costs an average of $50 per visit. It’s becoming nearly impossible to purchase r22. R22Īs of 2020, you can no longer purchase r22 coolant. The costs fluctuate depending on demand and have risen significantly in recent years. All systems manufactured or installed after 2010 use r410a. The current HVAC standard coolant, r410a, costs about $20 per pound. So, if you have an old r22 system, your next recharge will cost significantly more since you’re looking to either upgrade or replace your HVAC system. Older r22 systems can’t use r410a due to pressure differences. You’ll pay about $500 for a 25-pound canister of Freon, if you’re a registered technician or reseller. The air simply blowing out hot rather than cold Some signs that your system has hit its service life and started to develop leaks (and the inevitable loss of refrigerant) include: The only time your system runs low on refrigerant is when it has a leak, so have it inspected and serviced at the same time. When Do You Need to Recharge Your Home AC Unit? Find hiring guides, material costs, expert advice, how-to's and more. * Better WiFi Coverage: With the reliability of a wired network, MoCA 2.5 technology outperforms wireless for speed, latency, reliability, and security. 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Instead, this package contains a SkyBell video doorbell camera ($199 value), an outdoor camera ($249 value), and free professional installation. Smart Security Ultimate – $1,099įinally, the Brinks Smart Security Ultimate package includes everything in the lower-tier options, except for the indoor camera. Monitoring will cost you an additional $39 per month. With GreenSky financing, you can save even more money by financing the equipment over 36 months. We found this package to be a great deal considering the extra equipment included. If you purchase the package upfront, it only costs $349. As with the Smart Security Essential system, this package offers on-the-go access through the mobile app. The Brinks Smart Security Complete package includes everything in the Smart Security Essential bundle, plus an indoor camera with night vision, as well as an extra entryway sensor and a motion detector. Overall, we found this bundle to be a great system for the money, especially considering the sleek and modern touchscreen controls of the panel. Smart Security Essential is $199, and the monitoring service costs $39 per month. This package includes a Brinks Home Hub touchscreen control panel, a wireless motion sensor, two wireless door sensors, and a yard sign. The Brinks Smart Security Essential package is your basic DIY home security kit, with just enough features for the non-techies out there. Brinks also offers free shipping and a 30-day, money-back guarantee. We found the systems incredibly easy to install ourselves, but some users will certainly benefit from the professional installation option. That said, one nice thing about Brinks Home Security is that you can choose between DIY installation and professional installation. Keep in mind, Brinks is now focused more on custom-made security solutions than they are equipment packages, but these previously available kits can give you a good idea of how much you might pay. For more information, check out our full review of Brinks here. While you’ll pay less for equipment, you’ll have to pay a bit more for monitoring. When the dust settles, after factoring in equipment costs and monitoring, Brinks prices are just about average compared to other home security systems out there. But remember, you’ll have to purchase additional devices to access more advanced features. 3 That’s everything you need for complete home security and smart home automation. Brinks Packageīrinks does offer some helpful features with their monitoring plan, including 24-7 professional monitoring, smartphone control via the Brinks Home Security app, home automation options, LiveVoice Assist, live video streaming, and cloud storage of video recordings. As it stands, Brinks only offers one monitoring plan, whereas most brands offer three or more options at different prices. Also, we’d like to see a more diverse lineup of options. And we really didn’t see enough difference to warrant Brinks being more expensive than these brands. We’ve tested other home security brands, like Ring Alarm and SimpliSafe, that charge less than $30 a month. Next, you’ll pay $39 per month for Brinks professional monitoring, which is a touch pricey compared to other providers. Just be sure to choose the system that supports the features you want, such as video or home automation. Tip: Sometimes, it’s wise to buy a basic home security package and add devices to suit your specific needs. The act of a person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED suicide. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an incendiary weapon. They can also be detonated from a remote location. They are typically employed by insurgents, in particular ISIS, and can carry a relatively large payload. Ī vehicle-borne IED, or VBIED, is a military term for a car bomb or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey ( DBIED ), etc. Chlorine liquid has been added to IEDs in Iraq, producing clouds of chlorine gas. However, the threat exists that toxic chemical, biological, or radioactive ( dirty bomb) material may be added to a device, thereby creating other life-threatening effects beyond the shrapnel, concussive blasts and fire normally associated with bombs. IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional high-explosive charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives. The sophistication of an IED depends on the training of the designer and the tools and materials available. Some groups, however, have been known to produce sophisticated devices constructed with components scavenged from conventional munitions and standard consumer electronics components, such as mobile phones, consumer-grade two-way radios, washing machine timers, pagers, or garage door openers. IEDs made by inexperienced designers or with substandard materials may fail to detonate, and in some cases, they detonate on either the maker or the placer of the device. In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a daisy chain to attack a convoy of vehicles spread out along a roadway. IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infrared or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war. These injuries were reported in BMJ Open to be far worse with IEDs than with landmines resulting in multiple limb amputations and lower body mutilation. In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have partially replaced conventional or military landmines as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians. Īntipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could. IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads. An IED designed for use against armoured targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using a shaped charge that creates an explosively formed penetrator. Īn IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An HME lab refers to a Homemade Explosive Lab, or the physical location where the devices are crafted. IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be made with homemade explosives (HME). In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack. X-ray of a suitcase showing a pipe bomb and a laptopĪn IED is a bomb fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. IEDs were also used frequently by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War, and by Ambazonian separatists in the ongoing Anglophone Crisis. They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of coalition casualties in the 2001–2021 Afghanistan War. In the Iraq War (2003–2011), insurgents used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces and, by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of coalition deaths in Iraq. IEDs are generally utilized in terrorist operations or in asymmetric unconventional warfare by insurgent guerrillas or commando forces in a theatre of operations. The term "IED" was coined by the British Army during the Northern Ireland conflict to refer to booby traps made by the IRA, and entered common use in the U.S. IEDs are commonly used as roadside bombs, or homemade bombs. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. An improvised explosive device ( IED) is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. |
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